Reports showed that as of June 16, 2020, at least 440,421 confirmed deaths and more than 8,144,359 confirmed cases, and the current statistics as of November 27 are currently at 1.4 million deaths with 61.2 million cases of infection. It was later termed SARS-CoV-2 and the disease COVID-19 by the WHO. On December 31, 2019, the disease outbreak was traced to Coronavirus’s novel strain. There was a rapid spread of the disease from the city of Wuhan to many countries, including the United States, with thousands infected and many dying within months of initial spread. The physiochemical properties of the protein sequence such as the GRAVY (Grand average of hydropathicity), half-life, molecular weight, instability index, aliphatic index, and amino acid atomic composition was bio-computed via an online tool Protparam ( ).įunding: The authors did not receive any specific grant or funds from any funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors, during the research and manuscript preparations.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īn unprecedented pneumonia disease outbreak was reported in late December 2019, after several deaths were recorded in Wuhan, China. The protein structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (PDB: 6VSB) was downloaded from the protein data bank. The protein sequences from different geographical regions were retrieved from the NCBI repository with their corresponding accession numbers: Wuhan, China (Genbank ID: QHD43416.1), Japan (Genbank ID: BCA87361.1), California, USA (Genbank ID: QHQ71963.1), Washington, USA (Genbank ID: QHO60594.1), and Valencia, Spain (Genbank ID: QIQ08790.1). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files. Received: JAccepted: FebruPublished: March 17, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Chukwudozie et al. PLoS ONE 16(3):Įditor: Pinyi Lu, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, UNITED STATES (2021) Immuno-informatics design of a multimeric epitope peptide based vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. We, therefore, propose that potential vaccine designs consider this approach.Ĭitation: Chukwudozie OS, Gray CM, Fagbayi TA, Chukwuanukwu RC, Oyebanji VO, Bankole TT, et al. Upon in silico challenge with SARS-CoV-2, there was a decrease in antigen levels using our immune simulations. The vaccine was also characterized by an increase in IgM and IgG and an array of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. With our In silico test, the vaccine construct was predicted to elicit high antigenicity and cell-mediated immunity when given as a homologous prime-boost, triggering of toll-like receptor 5 by the adjuvant linker. We used this information to construct an in silico chimeric peptide vaccine whose translational rate was highly expressed when cloned in pET28a (+) vector. We identified eight CD8+ T cell 9-mers and 12 CD4+ T cell 14-15-mer as promising candidate epitopes putatively restricted by a large number of MHC I and II alleles, respectively. Five antigenic B cell epitopes with viable antigenicity and a total of 27 discontinuous B cell epitopes were mapped out structurally in the spike protein for antibody recognition. We have used a bioinformatic approach to aid in designing an epitope peptide-based vaccine against the spike protein of the virus. Developing an efficacious vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical to stemming COVID-19 fatalities and providing the global community with immune protection.
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